California’s living expenses are 40% higher than the national average. The high cost of living is squeezing the state’s residents to the point that they have become the worst tippers in the country, according to a recent study.

What’s more, 9 or the 10 top states where tipping is most generous are red (or mostly red) states, where the cost of living is modest: West Virginia, New Hampshire, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Wyoming, Montana, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. (Delaware came in first, but maybe that’s because they have no sales tax jacking up the cost of eating out.)

It’s also interesting that residents in states with no income tax – but high sales taxes – including Florida, Texas, Washington and Nevada – tip poorly.

Also, diners in states with higher minimum wages for restaurant workers tip less, perhaps because the higher wages push up menu prices and customers compensate with lower tips.